Menstruation has been stigmatised for millennia. The Old Testament refers to menstruation as the “infectious time”, while Hinduism calls it “asaucha”, which has connotations of impurity or shame. “You would think this means we would have a big celebration when menopause comes, as we are not unclean anymore. But this is not the case,” said Rachel Weiss, a psychosocial counsellor in the UK, said.
Menopause is still a taboo subject today. Weiss said the first time she saw it mentioned on TV was in 2017 in a BBC documentary called The Menopause and Me, and it taught her a lot about the many ways menopause can affect people.
Also Read | Help for menopausal women
Modern science has fuelled the stigma. Scientists in the 20th century (predominantly male) discovered that the hormone oestrogen could be used as a hormone treatment for symptoms of menopause. The research led menopause, a normal life event, to be turned into a hormone deficiency disease which requires diagnosis and treatment. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) was later advertised as a “cure” for menopause. The hormone pills Premarin, men were told in the 1950s, make a woman “pleasant to live with once again”.
The stigma is still around today and leads many women to feel unable to talk about their experiences with menopause. “Imagine if you medicalised puberty and told kids that going through puberty will be horrendous, and then tell them there’s a pill that would stop it happening. This is how menopause is often presented,” said Weiss.
What is menopause?
“I think when you get into perimenopause, you notice a lot of changes. I can feel the hormonal shifts happening, the sweating, the moods—you are all of a sudden furious for no reason,” actor Gwyneth Paltrow said in an interview in 2018. Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles and fertility in women. It stems from the gradual decline of reproductive hormones, primarily oestrogen and progesterone, produced by the ovaries.
Menopause lasts seven years on average and typically occurs in women in their late forties to early fifties. This hormonal shift triggers a wide range menopausal symptoms like hot flushes, night sweats, and mood swings. Thirty-eight per cent of women describe these symptoms as moderate to severe.
The Lancet studies
A new series of studies published on March 5 in The Lancet argues for a new approach to managing menopause. The studies urge societies to move away from the medicalised view of menopause in favour of a broader model that supports women transitioning this life stage.
“The experience of menopause differs for every person. Our series calls for an individualised approach where women are empowered with accurate, consistent, and impartial information to make informed decisions which are right for them over the menopause transition,” study series co-author Martha Hickey, University of Melbourne, told reporters.
One of the studies highlighted that early menopause needs to be taken more seriously. Women who go through early menopause have a higher chance of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Around 8 to 12 per cent of women globally experience early or premature menopause, but it is higher in some countries like India, where one in five women go through early menopause in their thirties or early forties. Diagnosis of early menopause is often delayed and poorly managed, according to the study.
Another study challenged the widely held belief that menopause is associated with poor mental health. It found no compelling evidence that menopause increases the risk of anxiety, bipolar disorder, or psychosis. Depressive symptoms can be common, but predominantly in people with previous depressive disorders.
“It is not that the lack of oestrogen causes depression. It is just that all the other social and cultural factors around menopause add to people feeling worthless. For many it happens when their teenagers are going through hormonal changes and being horrible, or elderly parents getting ill. It can be a big storm,” said Weiss.
Tackling menopause stigma
A major theme of The Lancet study series is the need to tackle the shame and stigma around menopause. One study says that normalising menopause and providing easy access to unbiased, credible information can be empowering for women and help them make decisions about its management. “More broadly, challenging widespread stigma about menopause as a period of decline and decay, and creating a more menopause-friendly work environment might help to empower women,” the study authors write.
Also Read | Explained: Why the number of unnecessary hysterectomies in India is rising
In 2017, Weiss founded the charity menopause café, which runs events where anyone can discuss, and listen to, people’s experiences with menopause. The studies credit menopause café as an effective way to empower women going through menopause and create a less medicalised narrative of it. “One of the reasons our charity exists is to help people talk through their experiences with menopause and see if it might need medical attention or not. There is a place for HRT, especially for the 20 per cent of people who have horrendous menopause symptoms, where it is primarily a medical problem. Medication (not only HRT) can also be useful for others if their physical symptoms significantly affect their quality of life,” said Weiss.
The Lancet studies highlight how deep in society stigma around menopause goes. Many women report feeling shamed for menstruating as girls, then feeling shamed for not menstruating as older women, one study says. “Women have been socialised not to mention our periods. But a deeper aspect is gendered ageism. I have heard women saying they cannot tell their boss they are going through menopause because it will mean they are past it. Age in our society means worthless as a woman,” said Weiss.
Growing discourse about menopause in some countries like the UK is raising awareness and helping to reduce shame and stigma, but The Lancet studies hope to make deeper changes in how menopause is viewed as a life experience rather than a disease that needs to be feared.
