Seizures in Children: Causes, Signs & Care

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or levels of consciousness. Seizures in children can be particularly concerning for parents, as they may occur unexpectedly and present with a variety of symptoms.

While some seizures are relatively mild, others can be more serious, and it’s important to understand what seizures are, their causes, and how to respond effectively when a child experiences one.

What Are Seizures?

Seizures happen when the brain experiences abnormal electrical activity. This can temporarily interfere with the brain’s normal function, resulting in sudden changes in movement, awareness, or behavior.

There are many types of seizures, from brief staring spells, known as absence seizures, to more intense convulsions, where a child may lose consciousness and shake uncontrollably. Some seizures are isolated events, while others can signify epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

Symptoms of Seizures

Seizure symptoms can vary widely depending on the type of seizure and the area of the brain affected. Common signs include sudden jerking movements, stiffening of the body, or uncontrolled twitching.

In some cases, a child may appear to stare blankly or lose awareness for a few moments, which is typical of an absence seizure. Other children may experience confusion, dizziness, or changes in behavior before or after a seizure.

More severe seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures, may cause a loss of consciousness, muscle stiffening, and rhythmic shaking. Some children might also bite their tongues or lose control of their bladders during such episodes.

Following a seizure, it’s common for a child to feel drowsy, confused, or disoriented, a period known as the postictal phase.

What Causes Seizures in Children?

• Genetic factors can play a role, with certain inherited conditions increasing the likelihood of seizures.
• Brain injuries, including trauma, infections like meningitis, or a history of strokes, can also trigger seizures.
• Fever-related seizures (febrile seizures) are common in young children, especially between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and typically occur during a rapid rise in body temperature.
• Metabolic disorders or imbalances, such as low blood sugar level, can sometimes lead to seizures. Other potential triggers include sleep deprivation, flashing lights, or certain medications. In some cases, the underlying cause may not be identifiable, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy.

What to Do When a Child Has a Seizure

If your child has a seizure, it’s important to stay calm and take steps to ensure their safety. Move any dangerous objects away from them and cushion their head to prevent injury. Avoid holding them down or trying to stop their movements.

If possible, gently roll the child onto their side to keep their airway clear, especially if they begin vomiting. Timing the seizure is also important—if it lasts longer than five minutes, seek emergency medical help.

Do not place anything in the child’s mouth during a seizure, as this could cause injury. Once the seizure has ended, stay with the child and offer comfort as they recover. Even if the seizure is brief, it’s a good idea to consult a doctor to determine whether further evaluation is needed.

Long-Term Evaluation and Care for Children with Seizures

Children who experience recurring seizures should undergo a thorough medical evaluation to determine the cause and develop a treatment plan.

This typically involves neurological exams and diagnostic tests, such as an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures electrical activity in the brain, or imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to check for structural issues in the brain.

For children diagnosed with epilepsy or ongoing seizure disorders, long-term care may involve anti-seizure medications to help manage or prevent future episodes. In some cases, if medications are not effective, other treatments such as dietary changes (like the ketogenic diet), surgery, or implanted devices may be recommended.

Parents and caregivers play a vital role in managing the child’s condition by tracking seizure frequency, ensuring medications are taken as prescribed, and keeping follow-up appointments with healthcare providers. With proper treatment and care, many children with seizures can lead healthy, active lives.

Understanding seizures and knowing how to respond when they occur is key to providing timely and effective care. Early intervention, consistent medical follow-up, and a well-structured treatment plan can make a significant difference in managing seizures in children.